SURABAYA
·
Story
of Surabaya
A long time ago in East
Java there were two strong animals, Sura and Baya. Sura was a shark and Baya
was a crocodile. They lived in the sea. Actually they were a friends. But when
they were hungry, they were very greedy. They did not want to share their food.
They would fight for it and never stop fighting until one of them gave up.
It was a very hot day.
Sura and Baya were looking for some food. Suddenly, Baya saw a goat.
“Yummy, this is my
lunch,” said Baya
“No way! this is my
lunch. You are greedy! i had not eaten for two days!” Said Sura
Then Sura and Baya
fought again. After several hours, they were very tired. Sura had a plan to
stop their bad behavior.
“i’m tired of fighting,
Baya,” said Sura
“Me too. What should we
do to stop fighting? Do you have any idea?” asked Baya
“Yes, i do. Let’s share
our territory. I live in the water, so I look for food in the sea. And you live
on the land, right ? So you look for the food also on the land. The border is
the beach, so we will never meet again. Do you agree ?” asked Sura
“Hmm.. let me think
about it. OK, i agree. From today, i will never go to the sea again. My place
is on the land,” said Baya.
Then they both lived in
the different places. But one day, Sura went to the land and looked for some
food in the river. He was very hungry and there was not much food in the sea.
Baya was very angry when he knew that Sura broke the promise.
“Hey, what are you
doing here? This is my place. Your place is in the sea !”
“But, there is water in
the river, right? So, this is also my place!” said Sura
Then Sura and Baya
fought again. They Both hit each other. Sura bit Baya’s tail. Baya did the same
thing to Sura. He bit very hard until Sura finally gave up. He went back to the
sea. Baya was very happy. He had his place again.
The place where they
were fighting was a mess. Blood was everywhere. People then always talked about
the fight between Sura and Baya. They then named the place of the fight as
Surabaya, it’s from Sura the shark and Baya the crocodile. People also put
their war as the symbol of Surabaya city
BANYUWANGI
·
Story
of Banyuwangi
Once upon a time, in
eastern part of Java Island, there was a kingdom ruled by a king. The king’s
name was Prabu Menak Prakoso . One day, Prabu Menak and his soldiers invaded
the kingdom of Klungkung in Bali. The king of Klungkung was killed, yet his
daughter, Made Surati, and his son, Agung Bagus Mantra, were able to escape and
hide in the jungle.
Prabu Menak Prakoso had
a son named Raden Banterang. He was such a handsome young man. One day, Raden
Banterang went to the jungle for hunting. It was in the jungle that Raden
Banterang met Made Surati. She was then taken to Blambangan to be his wife.
Raden Banterang and Made Surati enjoyed a happy life in the Palace.
When Raden Banterang
was hunting one day, Made Surati was surprised by the arrival of a dirty beggar
asking for her pity. The princess was surprissed to find that the beggar was
her older brother, Agung Bagus Mantra. She promptly squatted and embraced her
brother’s legs. However, he great respect of her brothet was not well accepted.
Instead, Agung Bagus Mantra asked his sister to kill Raden Banterang. But such
a request was rejected. He was very angry with her and came up with a sly idea
to slander her.
Slowly but surely,
Agung succeeded in convincing Raden Banterang that his wife had been involved
in a scandal with another man. Asking for compassion, Made Surati tired to tell
the truth and denied her husband’s accusation. Hearing his wife explanation, the
king became angrier and angrier. As a proof of her sacred love, she asked her
husband to kill her. As her last request, she asked her husband to throw her
dead body into the river. She said that if the water in the river snmelled
terrible, it meant that she had ever been sinful. But if it smelled fragrant,
it meant that she was innocent.
Raden Banterang who was
unable to control his emotions soon stabbed his keris into his wife’s chest.
She died instantly. The dead body of Made Surati was quickly thrown into the
dirty river. Raden Banterang was shocked to see the river suddenly become clean
and as clear as glass with a fragrant smell. Raden Banterang screamed crazily
and regretted his deed. He walk unsteadily and fell into the river screaming,
“Banyu...Wangi.. Banyuwangi!” This means “fragrant water”.
Banyuwangi was born
from the proof of noble and sacred love. From the on, the place is called
Banyuwangi.
PALEMBANG
·
History
of Palembang
The city was once
the capital of the ancient Buddhist kingdom ofSrivijaya,
which controlled a large part of what is now Indonesia,Malaysia and Southern
Thailand. In 1025, it was conquered by the Chola Empire (In the period of Emperor Rajendra
Chola of southern India. Srivijaya's
capital eventually moved northward to Jambi. Palembang is
also the origin ofParameswara, founder of the Malacca
Sultanate.
The architectural legacy of Dutch colonization is still visible in the
city. Deep-water port facilities which flow through the city have been built
along the Musi River.
The naval Battle of Palembang was fought near the city during the Second
World War between 13 and 15
February 1942.
·
Kingdom of Srivijaya
The Kedukan Bukit Inscription, which is dated
682 CE, is the oldest inscription found in Palembang. The inscription tells of
a king who acquires magical powers and leads a large military force over water
and land, setting out from Tamvan delta, arriving at a place called
"Matajap," and (in the interpretation of some scholars) founding the
polity of Srivijaya. The "Matajap" of the inscription is believed to
be Mukha Upang, a district of Palembang.
In the period 850 - 1025 A.D.,
Palembang prospered as a centre of trade between the East and West and as a
center of Sanskrit and Buddhist learning. Students from China stopped in
Palembang to study Sanskrit before continuing their studies in India.
In the year 990, an army from Kingdom
of Medang in Java attacked
Srivijaya. Palembang was sacked and the palace was looted. Chulamanivarmadeva,
however, requested protection from China. By 1006, the invasion was finally
repelled. In retaliation, Chulamanivarmadeva sent his troops to assist King
Wurawari of Luaram in his revolt against Medang. In subsequent battles, Medang
Palace was destroyed and the royal family of Medang executed.
In 1068, King Virarajendra Chola of the Chola Dynasty of India conquered what is now Kedah
from Srivijaya.[2] Having lost many soldiers in the war
and with its coffers almost empty due to the twenty-year disruption of trade.
The reach of Srivijaya was diminished. Its territories began to free themselves
from the suzerainty of Palembang and to establish many small kingdoms all over
the former empire.
·
The Fall of
Srivijaya
During the last days of Srivijaya
empire, the center of power shifted to Malayu in Muaro Jambi
area, Jambi, and later
moved upstream to Dharmasraya.
After the collapse of Srivijaya, there was no major political power to control
the town, however some Malay nobility families remain in town. At this time,
the last Srivijaya prince, Parameswara, emerged. He tried to revive the city as
an independent center of commerce once again and breaking from Majapahit overlordship. Majapahit took this
action as rebellion and sent massive punitive naval expedition to Palembang. Parameswara fled
to Tumasik with Sang
Nila Utama. There he killed the governor of the Tumasik Thai nationals, and
when the Thai army attacked Tumasik, Parameswara and his followers moved to Malacca in the Malay Peninsula, and
established the Kingdom
of Malacca. Parameswara converted to Islam in order to marry the daughter
ofPasai, and
changed his name to Sultan Iskandar Shah. Malacca flourished in the 15th
century, and Parameswara became the sole ruler of the Malacca Strait and waters
around it.
After the fall of Palembang to
Majapahit invasion, there was no major political power to control the town. The
town was left in chaos and desolation. At that time in Palembang and the
surrounding villages local militias forces began emerging, such as the Great
Commander in the lower Yellow River Musi, The Sigentar Alam group in the hills,
the Tuan Bosai on river upstream, Commander Gumay groups along the Bukit
Barisan, and so on. In addition, some merchants from China made this city as
their trade base, also inviting pirates from China. Orang lautalso
made Palembang as their home, and these rough sailors without government and
authority has transformed Palembang as a pirate haven for many years to come. Chinese
pirates are known to investing the area around Malaccan straits, until Cheng Ho naval expedition on behalf of Ming
dynasty defeated these pirates.
·
Sultanate of
Palembang
Destruction of Majapahit in Java
indirectly influenced Sumatra. Several key figures behind the collapse of
Majapahit were Raden Patah, Ario Dillah (Ario Damar), and Pati Unus, figures closely
associated with Palembang. TheSultanate of Demak subsequently replaced Majapahit in
Java. Sultanate of Palembang was establishedin early 17th century by Ki gede
ing Suro, a Javanese nobles fleeing the Demak court intrique after the death of TrengganaSultan of Demak. Palembang
was made the center of a sultanate withDarussalam
Mukmiminin Khalifatul susuhunan Sayyidu Abddurrahaman Faithas its first
king. This kingdom formed from the merger of two cultures. The maritime
heritage of the Sriwijaya and Majapahit combined to create the greatest agricultural
and trade center of the Malay world at the time. One of the most famous king
during this period was Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II, who won three battles
against both Dutch and English forces.
·
Colonial period
The
walled city of Palembang with its three fortresses in 1682.
In 1619 the Dutch
East Indies opened a trading
post in Palembang. Although it was
closed a few years later by Jan Pieterszoon Coen, some contact was
maintained with the town. The VOC's Resident in Jambi ordered pepper from the traders of
Palembang, who sailed to Batavia themselves to sell the pepper. Because
of the low profit yield for the Company, Batavia asked the sultan for
permission to reopen the trading post in the town. The contract with the sultan
gave the VOC Resident authority over all foreign ships calling at the harbor of
Palembang. This enabled the Company to guard against illicit trading. Despite
these privileges, the Company was still dependent on the sultan, who decided
whether the Resident's demands were acceptable or not.
In the 18th century Palembang
supplied around 50,000 pounds of white pepper annually.
After the fall of the Sultanate of
Palembang Darussalam, Palembang became a subordinate kingdom within the
Dutch East Indies. The main victory of Dutch forces under de Kock occurred in
1821. Some of the sultans of surrendered states succeeding Sultan Mahmud
Badaruddin II tried to rebel against the Dutch. All attempts failed and
resulted in the burning of imperial buildings.
After that Palembang
was divided into two major prefectures, and settlements in Palembang were
divided into regions and Ulu Ilir.
BALI
·
History
of Bali
Bali was inhabited
around 2000 BC by Austronesian people who migrated originally from Southeast
Asia and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the
Balinese are thus closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago,
Malaysia, the Philippines, and Oceania. Stone tools dating from this time have
been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.
In ancient Bali,
nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa,
Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect revered a specific deity as
its personal Godhead.
Balinese culture
was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture, beginning around the 1st
century AD. The name Bali
dwipa ("Bali
island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the
Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentioning
"Walidwipa". It was during this time that the complex irrigation
system subak was
developed to grow rice. Some religious and cultural traditions still in
existence today can be traced back to this period. The Hindu Majapahit
Empire (1293–1520 AD) on
eastern Java founded a Balinese colony in 1343.
When the empire declined, there was an exodus of intellectuals, artists,
priests, and musicians from Java to Bali in the 15th century.
The first European contact
with Bali is thought to have been made in 1585 when a Portuguese ship foundered
off the Bukit
Peninsula and left a few
Portuguese in the service of Dewa Agung. In 1597 the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived at Bali and, with the
establishment of the Dutch East India Company in 1602, the stage was set for
colonial control two and a half centuries later when Dutch control expanded
across the Indonesian archipelago throughout the second half of the 19th
century (seeDutch East Indies). Dutch political and economic
control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast, when the
Dutch pitted various distrustful Balinese realms against each other. In the late 1890s, struggles between
Balinese kingdoms in the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase
their control.
In June 1860 the
famous English naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace travelled to Bali from Singapore
landing at Bileling on the northcoast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was
instrumental in helping him devise his Wallace
Line theory. The Wallace Line
is a faunal boundary that run through the strait between Bali and Lombok,
which, though a short distance, is a boundary between species of Asiatic origin
in the east and a mixture of Australian and Asian species to the west. In his travel
memoir The Malay ArchipelagoWallace writes of
his experience in Bali:
I was both
astonished and delighted; for as my visit to Java was some years later, I had
never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A
slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about ten or twelve miles
inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills.
Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of coconut palms, tamarind and
other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them
extend luxurious rice-grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation
that would be the pride of the best cultivated parts of Europe.
The Dutch mounted
large naval and ground assaults at the Sanur region in 1906 and were met by the thousands
of members of the royal family and their followers who fought against the
superior Dutch force in a suicidal puputan defensive
assault rather than face the humiliation of surrender. Despite Dutch demands for surrender,
an estimated 200 Balinese marched to their death against the invaders. In the Dutch intervention in Bali, a
similar massacre occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in Klungkung.
Afterwards the Dutch governors were able to exercise administrative control
over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained
intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in
other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.
In the 1930s,
anthropologists Margaret
Mead and Gregory
Bateson, and artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter
Spies, and musicologist Colin
McPhee created a western
image of Bali as "an enchanted land of aesthetes at peace with themselves and
nature", and western tourism first developed on the island.
Imperial
Japan occupied Bali during
World War II. Bali Island was not originally a target in their Netherlands East
Indies Campaign, but as the airfields on Borneo were inoperative due to heavy rains
the Imperial Japanese Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not
suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native
Auxiliary CorpsPrajoda (Korps
Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL
officers under command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19
February 1942 the Japanese forces landed near the town of Senoer [Senur]. The
island was quickly captured.
During the
Japanese occupation a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed a Balinese 'freedom
army'. The lack of institutional changes from the time of Dutch rule however,
and the harshness of war requisitions made Japanese rule worse than the Dutch
one. Following Japan's Pacific
surrender in August 1945, the Dutch promptly returned to Indonesia, including
Bali, immediately to reinstate their pre-war colonial administration. This was
resisted by the Balinese rebels now using Japanese weapons. On 20 November
1946, the Battle of Marga was fought in Tabanan in central Bali.
Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai, by then 29 years old, finally rallied his forces in
east Bali at Marga Rana, where they made asuicide
attack on the heavily armed
Dutch. The Balinese battalion was entirely wiped out, breaking the last thread
of Balinese military resistance. In 1946 the Dutch constituted Bali as one of
the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed State of East Indonesia, a rival state to
the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta.
Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia"
when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.
The 1963 eruption
of Mount Agung killed thousands, created economic
havoc and forced many displaced Balinese to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring
the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s,
Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional caste
system, and those rejecting these traditional values. Politically, the
opposition was represented by supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling
further increased by the PKI's land reform programs. An attempted coup in Jakarta was put down by forces led
by General Suharto. The army became the dominant power as it instigated a violent anti-communist purge, in
which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at
least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000
killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population. With no Islamic
forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the
extermination of PKI members.
As a result of the
1965/66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno out of the presidency, and his "New Order" government reestablished relations
with western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in
a modern form, and the resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic
increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange
earned for the country. A bombing in 2002 by militant Islamists in the tourist area of Kuta killed 202 people,
mostly foreigners. This attack, and another in 2005, severely affected tourism,
bringing much economic hardship to the island.
CIANJUR
In antiquity in the
West Java region there is a very rich man. Entire fields and fields in his village for a possession. The villagers only be paddies and farm laborers tilling a field
for a rich man's. The rich man by villagers nicknamed Mr. Stingy because he was a
very miserly. Mr. Stingy very indiscriminately, to the point that the boy was
the only one he is also very stingy.
Fortunately it is not contagious nature of the miser in his
son's. Son of Mr. Stingy's good character. Unbeknownst to his father, he often helped his neighbors in
distress.
According to the assumption and belief that rural communities, if
you want a good harvest and abundant then the premises must be held shower is
also good.Fear
that if the next harvest fails, then Mr. Stingy compelled to throw a party
celebration and salvation all the villagers were invited by Mr. stingy. The villagers thought that would get a tasty and delicious food
in that salvation. The estimates were missed, it turns out Mr. Stingy only provide
a perfunctory meal, and even then not enough to entertain all those who were
invited. Many of the invitations that do not get food. They eventually just be stroking the chest of Mr. Stingy
attitude which again proved miserly.
"Huh! Had dared to invite the person was not able to menyediakana
food, really outrageous, why should a bunch of treasure that, "said
someone in the shower."God
will not give a lot of blessings on his property that"
This gossip and curses of the poor colored people held a party
Mr. stingy. At the feast of salvation is in progress, suddenly there came an
elderly grandmother who asked alms in Mr. stingy.
"Mister. ... give me alms, though only with a mouthful of
rice ... "groaned the old grandmother This the old grandmother was not charity but instead got evicted
violently by Mr. stingy. He immediately left the house of Mr stingy.
Son saw the incident very sad miser sir. Secretly he took his lunch rations, and then pursued grandmother
who had reached the end of the village, gave food to her grandmother. My grandmother was very happy "you are really good kid,
your life may someday be a noble" After the youth was gone, the old woman went on his way. He arrived at a hill near the village, he paused. grndmother saw a house Mr. Stingy belonging a house large and
stately in the village. While people around him suffer for the greed Mr. stingy.
Seeing Mr. Stingy's behavior, the grandmother was angry and said
"remember, remember Mr. Stingy, greed and your misserly would drown
yourself. God will inflict punishment unto you " Grandma was then stuck his stick in the ground, then revoked
again. Water gushing from the hole was very heavy. The longer the water is getting bigger and headed to the
village.
"Flood!" "Flood !!!!!" shouted the villagers
are beginning to panic to see the flood coming from the valley. Son of Mr. stingy immediately urged the people to
immediately leave the village and fled into the hills. "Fast leave this village, and flee into the hills a
safe" "But the rice fields and cattle we do?" "You select the property or the soul? It's no time to bring the property back " Son of Mr. Stingy's kept yelling reminded the villagers. He also persuaded his father to get out of the house."Father
quickly leave this house, we had to get out to save themselves" "What? Just
ran away. Stupid! I must take my treasure chest that I keep in the ground first "
Since there is no miser when children Pak ran to save themselves,
while the miserly Mr. continue to collect their belongings. He was too late to save themselves, eventually drowning in the
flood flow. Most of the villagers including the son of the miserly Mr.
survived. They were sad to see his village drowned. Then they decided to seek new areas. They raised children Pak stingy as the new leader of their
village. Son of Mr. and advises people griping to cultivate the land that
has been shared equally. The new village leaders to teach residents how to plant and
irrigate paddy rice fields as well. The village was then called the village of recommendation, the
villagers always adhere to the recommended pimpinannnya.
Gradually the village grew to become
a small town called Cianjur. Ci means water. Cianjur means the area that contains enough water. Prompts village leaders guiding the farmers in
processing rice, then rice Cianjur hitherto known to be very tasty and savory.
http://andiyshare.blogspot.com/2011/10/legend-city-of-cianjur.html
http://indonesianfolklore.blogspot.com/2007/10/legend-of-surabaya-folklore-from-east.html?m=1
http://oscar17.wordpress.com/2012/01/12/the-legend-of-banyuwangi/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembang
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali
